Simple Modification Research Articles

3D hierarchical porous current collector via deposition-dealloying method for lithium metal anode

In order to inhibit dendritic growth and improve the cycle stability of lithium metal anodes (LMAs), a 3D Nanoporous Nickel Foam (NP-NF) collector with hierarchical porous structure is designed through a simple modification strategy of Ni Foam (NF). The strategy only involves two steps, i.e. electrodeposition of metal zinc and chemical dealloying to evolve nanoporous structure. The obtained NP-NF possesses hierarchical pores. The large pores of several hundreds of micrometers from Ni foam could facilitate fast Li+ transport in dynamics. The mesopores on the surface of 100 nm to 1 μm could provide spatial confinement for Li deposition. The increased specific surface area could also reduce the local current density of electrode and consequently suppress the growth of dendrites. In addition, the in-situ formed lithophilic NiO on the 3D NP-NF surface can uniformly induce Li+ deposition. Compared to the Ni foam skeleton, 3D NP-NF in LMAs presents a significantly improved Li plating/string stability with a high Coulombic efficiency of 95 % after 350 cycles with plating capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. 3D NP-NF@Li|Li cell shows an ultra-low overpotential of 18 mV during the 500 cycles (1000 h) at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. The 3D NP-NF@Li|LiFePO4 can stably cycle for 300 times with the capacity retention of above 80 % at 1C. This work demonstrates that constructing a micro-nano 3D porous structure collector can inhibit dendritic growth and improve lifespan of LMAs.

Fabrication and Energy Collection of Superhydrophobic Ultra‐Stretchable Film

AbstractSuperhydrophobic surfaces have broad application prospects in various fields due to their special surface wettability. However, most artificial superhydrophobic surfaces are fabricated on rigid substrates or flexible substrates with low deformability, and their performance is difficult to guarantee when a large deformation occurs, hindering further application. Here, a superhydrophobic ultra‐stretchable (SU) film is fabricated by simple template replication and low surface energy modification method using the mixture of vulcanized natural latex (VNR) and silicone emulsion as raw material. The prepared SU film exhibits excellent elasticity and wettability stability and can maintain good superhydrophobicity even after 500% tensile strain. Moreover, droplets dropped on the SU film are bounced in time without any residue, avoiding the accumulation of droplets on the film. Finally, a magnetoelectric generator composed of a SU film and an electromagnetic system are developed to realize the efficient utilization and conversion of droplet energy via droplet impacting and bouncing behavior.

Exploration of Preliminary Objective Triage by Menopause Score and CA 125 Result Prior to Accelerating Fast-Track Booking for Suspected Ovarian Cancer-A Role for the Pathway Navigator?

The 28-days-to-diagnosis pathway is the current expected standard of care for women with symptoms of ovarian cancer in the UK. However, the anticipated conversion rate of symptoms to cancer is only 3%, and use of the pathway is increasing. A rapid triage at the moment of receipt of the referral might allow resources to be allocated more appropriately. In secondary care, multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) use the risk of malignancy index (RMI) score, (multiply menopausal status pre = 1 or post = 3 × ultrasound score = 0 - 3 × the CA 125 level), using a score of >200, to triage urgency and management in possible ovarian cancer cases. The most powerful determinant of the RMI score variables is CA 125 level, an objective number. Could a simple modification of the RMI score retain a high sensitivity for cancer whilst improving specificity and, consequently, decrease the morbidity of false-positive classification? To test this hypothesis, a retrospective evaluation of an ovarian two-week-wait telephone clinic of one consultant gynaecological oncologist was undertaken. Enquiry re menopause status was scored as one for pre- and three for postmenopausal or uncertain. CA 125 levels of >67 u/mL for premenopausal and >23 u/mL for postmenopausal women were used to precipitate urgent cross-sectional imaging requests and MDT opinions. These CA 125 cut thresholds were calculated using an assumption that the RMI imaging score, regardless of whether the result was available, could be three. We contemplate that women who did not exceed a provisional RMI score of >200 might be informed they are extremely unlikely to have cancer, removed from the malignancy tracker and appropriate follow-up arranged. One hundred and forty consecutive cases were analysed; 43% were deemed premenopausal and 57% postmenopausal. Twenty of the women had cancer, eighteen (90%) of whom had an RMI > 200. One hundred and twenty were benign, and only twenty-three (19%) classified as urgent cases in need of accelerated referral to imaging. In contrast, CA 125 > 35 u/mL, whilst retaining the sensitivity of 90%, misclassified 36 (30%) of the benign cases. It is possible that a telephone triage via a questionnaire determining menopausal status and the CA 125 result could offer a sensitivity for cancer of 90% and urgent expert review of under 20% of benign cases. This rapid initial telephone assessment could be presented by a trained pathway navigator, physician associate or nurse specialist. Substantial savings in NHS cancer services resources, anxieties all around and reduced patient morbidity may occur as a result.

Pool boiling heat transfer of Novec 649 on sandblasted surfaces

Pool boiling represents a potentially efficient mechanism for thermal management of power electronic components. The present study investigates pool boiling heat transfer using Novec 649 on copper substrates with varying surfaces. Sandblasting, which is a relatively simple surface modification technique, has been used to obtain different copper surface roughness levels ranging from 0.1 µm to 9 µm arithmetic mean surface roughness values. The effects of surface modifications and orientation on boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC), and critical heat flux (CHF), of Novec 649 have been experimentally investigated by performing pool boiling experiments at atmospheric pressure and saturation pool temperature. The experimental results showed that the size and orientation of the boiling surface do not have a significant impact on the CHF, whilst the HTC improves in the nucleate boiling regime with vertical orientation. In addition, for the range of surface roughness investigated improvements of ∼3X and ∼1.5X in HTC and CHF, respectively, were found relative to the original smooth surface. The HTC in the film boiling regime relative to the nucleate boiling regime was also quantified and found to be ∼20X for our geometries.

Photochemical modification of tea waste by tungsten oxide nanoparticle as a novel, low-cost and green photocatalyst for degradation of dye pollutant

So far, many adsorbents and nanocomposites have been synthesized by different methods and used to remove or degradation of dye pollutants. Nowadays, the use of natural adsorbents and their modification with simple methods based on metal oxides are of interest to many researchers. In this study, for the first time, we report the simple and low-cost modification of tea pomace waste (TPW) with tungsten oxide (WO3) based on the photochemical method as a green, cost-effective, and biodegradable photocatalyst for the degradation of Rh B dye pollutant. The results obtained from FE-SEM, EDAX, XRD, XPS, PL, BET and UV–Vis Diffusive Reflectance (DRS) analyses confirmed the successful modification of the TPW surface with WO3 (WO3/TPW). The parameters affecting the photocatalytic behavior of WO3/TPW, including the time of photochemical modification and the type of radiation on its photocatalytic activity, were carefully optimized. WO3/TPW showed excellent photocatalytic activity compared to TPW for the degradation of Rh B dye pollutant under UV light for 30 min (94 %). Finally, the effective parameters on the value of Rh B dye degradation by WO3/TPW photocatalyst including pH, adsorbent dosage, the concentration of dye pollutant, and the kinetics of the degradation process were studied. It is expected that this type of photochemical modification method and natural WO3/TPW photocatalyst will be a promising path for the synthesis, modification, and increase of the photocatalytic performance of natural adsorbents.

Modification of the Zancolli Lasso Procedure for Simultaneous Correction of Wartenberg's Sign.

Ulnar nerve injury initiates an imbalance between the intrinsic muscles and extrinsic extensors of the ring and small fingers, which leads to the characteristic hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints and flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints of these 2 digits-commonly referred to as the ulnar claw hand. In addition to these changes in the static posture of the hand, ulnar nerve palsy severely impairs grasp due to deficient active MP joint flexion. In most cases, motor balance can be restored by preventing MP joint hyperextension and augmenting MP joint flexion using the Zancolli lasso procedure (ZLP). Ulnar neuropathy can cause a second motor imbalance between the ulnar intrinsics and the extensor digit minimi leading to an abduction deformity of the small finger known as Wartenberg's sign. The inability to adduct the small finger can be a great source of frustration to patients. Using a cadaveric biomechanical model, we have developed a simple modification of the Zancolli lasso procedure that simultaneously corrects claw deformity and Wartenberg's sign and we report its efficacy in 2 clinical cases.

Free and forced vibration analysis over meshes with tangled (non-convex) elements

Tangled (non-convex) elements, i.e. elements with negative Jacobian determinant, can lead to erroneous results in the standard finite element method (FEM). Constructing tangle-free, well-structured meshes for complex geometries is often impossible. Hence there is a need to explore analysis methods that can directly handle such tangled meshes.In this paper, we propose the isoparametric tangled finite element method (i-TFEM) for free and forced vibration problems over tangled meshes. By employing piece-wise invertible mapping, a variational formulation is derived, leading to a simple modification of the standard FEM stiffness and mass matrices with the incorporation of additional compatibility constraints. Moreover, i-TFEM reduces to standard FEM for non-tangled (regular) meshes. The proposed method is implemented for three types of elements: 4-node quadrilateral, 9-node quadrilateral, and 8-node hexahedral elements. The numerical results demonstrate that i-TFEM is able to consistently handle general tangled (non-convex) elements, enabling convenient meshing for complex geometries.

Simple surface modification of barium sulfate for improving the interface of polymer composites and its x‐ray shielding properties

AbstractRadiation shielding materials have been researched using Pb and metal oxide particles, and composites of resin and barium sulfate (BaSO4) have been reported. In addition, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have often been used as a nanomaterial to improve the mechanical strength of resin–BaSO4 composites. The literature includes no examples of these two materials—BaSO4 and MWCNTs—being used at the interface of composites. We effectively modified the surface of BaSO4 by a simple process involving strong electrostatic interaction between positively charged barium and negatively charged functional groups on the MWCNT surface. The process is simple and can form large amounts of MWCNTs that coat BaSO4 surfaces. As a result, MWCNTs remained on the BaSO4 surface even after the MWCNT‐coated BaSO4 was washed with a solvent and subjected to melt mixing. The physical anchoring of MWCNTs onto the BaSO4 surface improved the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of the resultant composites. The originality of this research is that MWCNTs can be coated onto the surface by only electrostatic interaction without using a polymer adhesive. In addition, the x‐ray shielding performance of the MWCNT‐containing composites was the same as that of composites prepared without the MWCNTs.Highlights MWCNTs were coated onto the surface of BaSO4 by electrostatic interaction. Interfacial adhesion of PS composites was improved by coating MWCNTs. The MWCNTs did not affect the x‐ray shielding performance.

Strontium-loaded 3D intramedullary nail titanium implant for critical-sized femoral defect in rabbits.

The treatment of critical-sized bone defects has long been a major problem for surgeons. In this study, an intramedullary nail shaped three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous titanium implant that is capable of releasing strontium ions was developed through a simple and cost-effective surface modification technique. The feasibility of this implant as a stand-alone solution was evaluated using a rabbit's segmental diaphyseal as a defect model. The strontium-loaded implant exhibited a favorable environment for cell adhesion, and mechanical properties that were commensurate with those of a rabbit's cortical bone. Radiographic, biomechanical, and histological analyses revealed a significantly higher amount of bone ingrowth and superior bone-bonding strength in the strontium-loaded implant when compared to an untreated porous titanium implant. Furthermore, one-year histological observations revealed that the strontium-loaded implant preserved the native-like diaphyseal bone structure without failure. These findings suggest that strontium-releasing 3D-printed titanium implants have the clinical potential to induce the early and efficient repair of critical-sized, load-bearing bone defects.

Building a robust surface structure toward stable ultrahigh-nickel cathodes

Ni-rich cathodes especially with Ni content over 90 % are promising next-generation cathode materials for advanced high energy lithium − ion batteries. However, in comparison with Ni ≤ 80 % Ni-rich cathodes, these ultrahigh Ni-rich materials face more severe challenges in terms of harmful H2 − H3 phase transformations and structural degradation during cycling. Herein, we present a robust surface structure composted of defect-rich disordered structures and LiF/Li2SiO3 coating for stabilizing the ultrahigh Ni-rich cathode LiNi0.96Co0.03Mn0.01O2 (NCM96) by modification with (NH4)2SiF6. The surface disordered structures including Li/TM mixing, spinel, and rock salt structure play a crucial role in inhibiting the irreversible H2-H3 phase transition and reducing lattice volume changes by lattice coherence effect. Moreover, the disordered surface in collaboration with the co-coating restrains the rapid growth of surface rock salt phase into the bulk, enhancing structural stability. The modified sample NSF-0.5 delivers a capacity of 238 mAh/g at 0.1C and maintains a capacity retention of 88.5 % at 0.5C after 100 cycles in half cell as well as 82.3 % at 1C after 300 cycles in full cell, significantly superior to the NCM96. The findings provide a simple and cost-effective surface modification strategy to enhance the structural stability and electrochemical performance of ultrahigh nickel cathodes for high-energy density LIBs.

Active Displacement Control of Pantograph-catenary System for a Half-body Railway Model

The pantograph is an essential component that provides electrical contact between the overhead wires and the electric train. The quality of the current collection in high-speed trains is directly influenced by the mechanical interaction between the pantograph collector head and the overhead contact line. To overcome these challenges and improve pantograph performance, researchers and engineers have explored innovative solutions, including the introduction of active control mechanisms. Excitation by the vehicle is one of the normal disturbances in the dynamic interaction of the pantograph and the overhead line. The vertical effects of vehicle-track vibrations on the interaction between the pantograph and the overhead contact line have not yet been adequately researched. To fill this research gap, this study establishes models for both the pantograph-catenary interaction and the vehicle-track system. In this study, the performance of the modified Skyhook-Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller was investigated for a half-body of a railway pantograph-catenary system. Track irregularities such as step, sine, and random were applied to perturb the suspension system. The performance of both passive and active systems was investigated by considering the track irregularities as a basis. The root mean square analysis (RMS) found that active displacement control of pantograph-catenary systems for a half-body railway model equipped with modified Skyhook-PID controllers performed better than the passive systems. In summary, the future experimental approach for active half-body railway model could incorporate this simple modification of the Skyhook-PID controller.

Improved performance of the ultrafiltration membranes by simple modification with air plasma treatment and polymeric deposition

AbstractThis study seeks to increase the antifouling properties of fluorinated polyvinylidene (PVDF) membranes through the synergistic application of plasma treatment and polymer deposition, employing polymerizations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The results show remarkable success in modifications, presenting exceptional performance. Two distinct surface modification methods, plasma treatment and polymer deposition, were used to improve the antifouling properties and filtration performance of PVDF membranes. The plasma used was a discharge dielectric barrier using ambient air as gas, and hydrophilic polymers, PVP, and PEI. The results outlined changes in membrane roughness with a significant roughness reduction of up to 43% evident based on topographic and morphological analyses. Hydraulic permeability analysis revealed a substantial 35‐fold increase, indicating a notable improvement in performance. All treated membranes exhibited higher water affinity and superior performance during 12‐h ultrafiltration compared to their untreated counterparts. After chemical cleaning, water flux recovery exceeded 85% for all treated membranes, indicating the inherent antifouling properties of the surface.

Introducing UCST onto Chitosan for a Simple and Effective Single-Phase Extraction.

Upper critical solution temperature (UCST) polymers undergo their own collapsed structures to show thermoresponsive functions favoring controlled release systems, cell adhesion, including separation process, etc. Although the copolymerization of UCST monomers with other vinyl monomers containing a pendant group is a good way to introduce additional functions, uncertain UCST performance as well as extensive bio-related properties are always the points to be considered. To accomplish this, the present work proposes the application of polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan (CS), as the biopolymer backbone to conjugate with functional molecules and UCST polymers. The use of chain transfer agents, e.g., mercaptoacetic acid, in radical polymerization with UCST poly(methacrylamide) (PMAAm) via the CS/NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) complex allows the simple water-based modification. The further conjugation of mouse anti-LipL32 IgG monoclonal antibody (anti-LipL32 mAb) onto CS-PMAAm (CS-PMAAm-Ab) enables a selective binding of recombinant LipL32 (rLipL32) antigen (Ag) in the solution. The CS-PMAAm obtained not only shows the cloud point in the range of 10-30 °C but also the extraction of rLipL32 because of CS-PMAAm-Ab-Ag aggregation. The present work demonstrates how CS expresses UCST with additional antibody conjugated is feasible for a simple and effective Ag single-phase extraction.

Boosting N[tbnd]N tri-bond activation and NH3 generation rate through simple surface Ag modification

NH3 photosynthesis from nitrogen remains a big challenge due to the extreme difficulty for the activation of NN bond. In this work, Ag-modified MoO3·0.55 H2O nanorods (named as Ag@Mo) are prepared by a simple photoreduction method. Under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm) for 60 min, the NH3 yield over 2%Ag@Mo (molar ratio of Ag to MoO3·0.55 H2O) reaches 242.0 μmol·gcat−1, which is about 2.8 times higher than MoO3·0.55 H2O under the same conditions. The effect of Ag modification on photocatalytic ammonia synthesis is explored through experiments and theoretical calculations. The excellent photocatalytic performance is mainly attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect of Ag and the successful construction of Mott-Schottky junction, which improves light utilization efficiency and reduces carrier recombination efficiency, respectively. Moreover, density functional theory calculations theoretically prove that over Ag@Mo, Ag provides new adsorption sites, and the NN tri-bond length is elongated by about 16.2%, confirming that Ag modification obviously promotes the activation of NN tri-bond. The ammonia generation rate is obviously higher than the previously reported results.

Injectable and Self-Curing Single-Component Hydrogel for Stem Cell Encapsulation and In Vivo Bone Regeneration.

An ideal hydrogel for stem cell therapy would be injectable and efficiently promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation in body. Herein, an injectable, single-component hydrogel with hyaluronic acid (HA) modified with phenylboronic acid (PBA) and spermidine (SM) is introduced. The resulting HAps (HA-PBA-SM) hydrogel is based on the reversible crosslinking between the diol and the ionized PBA, which is stabilized by the SM. It has a shear-thinning property, enabling its injection through a syringe to form a stable hydrogel inside the body. In addition, HAps hydrogel undergoes a post-injection "self-curing," which stiffens the hydrogel over time. This property allows the HAps hydrogel to meet the physical requirements for stem cell therapy in rigid tissues, such as bone, while maintaining injectability. The hydrogel enabled favorable proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and promoted their differentiation and mineralization. After the injection of hMSCs-containing HAps into a rat femoral defect model, efficient osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and bone regeneration is observed. The study demonstrates that simple cationic modification of PBA-based hydrogel enabled efficient gelation with shear-thinning and self-curing properties, and it would be highly useful for stem cell therapy and in vivo bone regeneration.

A surprising two-inductor circuit

Introductory textbooks often consider circuits in which a switch is used to alternately connect or disconnect a battery from series or parallel combinations of simple components such as resistors and inductors. An example circuit is presented here whose behaviour is contradictory if all components are ideal. A simple modification is proposed for the behaviour of the switch to resolve the contradiction.

Synthetization and Functionalization of Natural, Polymer, and Quantum‐Based Carbon Nanodots and Their Application in Biomedicine

AbstractCarbon nanodots (CNDs) are a developing branch of nanomaterials and nanoscience. This has generated much more interest in the field and class of biomedicine science by way of unique particular properties, such as high stability, great photoluminescence, easy green synthesis, and simple surface modification. Numerous applications, such as bioimaging, biosensing, and treatment, have made use of CNDs. This review describes the most recent developments in CND research and talks about major changes in the understanding of CNDs and their prospects as biomedical tools. The importance of this work lies in the ability of CNDs to overcome many of the limitations associated with traditional materials used in biomedicine, such as toxicity, poor biocompatibility, and limited functionality. Furthermore, the use of CNDs as drug carriers, imaging agents, and sensors has shown great potential in improving the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The novelty of this work lies in the diversity of approaches used in the synthesis and functionalization of CNDs, and the unique properties of CNDs that make them versatile tools for biomedicine. In particular, the ability to tune the size, shape, and surface chemistry of CNDs allows for the creation of tailored materials with specific biomedical applications. The review also discusses the challenges and future prospects of CNDs in biomedicine, including the need for standardization and optimization of CND synthesis, functionalization, and characterization protocols.

Superior antibacterial surfaces using hydrophilic, poly(MPC) and poly(mOEGMA) free chains of amphiphilic block copolymer for sustainable use

Surface modification of electrically neutral hydrophilic polymers is one of the most promising methods for preventing biofouling and biological contamination by proteins and bacteria. Surface modification of inorganic materials such as silica-based glass can render them more durable and thus help in achieving the sustainable development goals. This study reports a novel method for the simple and effective surface modification of glass surfaces with amphiphilic block copolymers possessing the silane coupling segment composed of 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltris (trimethylsilyloxy) silane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The ability of hydrophilic segments composed of either 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (mOEGMA) to prevent bacterial adhesion was investigated. The target block copolymers were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and the monomer units of the hydrophilic segments were controlled to be either 120 or 160. The polymers were modified on the substrate by dip-coating. Contact angle measurements indicated that the block copolymer with the PMPC hydrophilic segment formed a hydrophilic surface without pre-hydration, while those with the PmOEGMA hydrophilic segment-coated surface became hydrophilic upon immersion in water. The block copolymer-coated surfaces decreased S. aureus adhesion, and a significant reduction was observed with the MPC-type block copolymer. The following surface design guidelines were thus concluded: (1) the block copolymer is superior to the random copolymer and (2) increasing the hydrophilic segment length further decreases bacterial adhesion.

The Impact of Single Group Flashes on Geostationary Lightning Mapper Data

AbstractThe Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is an instrument on the NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites‐R (GOES‐R) Series. The GLM data are processed by the Lightning Cluster Filter Algorithm which filters the GLM data and clusters it into a series of events, groups, and flashes. One of the current filters in the GLM algorithm (as of June 2023) removes all flashes that have only a single group. Combining the flashes (including the flashes with only single group) from two of the GLMs (the GLM on GOES‐16 and the GLM on GOES‐17) in the region where they overlap produces a unique data set of coincident flashes (detected by both GLMs) and non‐coincident flashes (detected by only one GLM). Coincident flashes detected by both GLMs are very unlikely to be from noise sources. This data set allows us to estimate the impact of the single group flashes on the Detection Efficiency (DE) and the False Alarm Rate (FAR). We find that the single group flash filter does greatly improve the FAR but does slightly decrease the DE. Subsequent analysis shows that some of the removed flashes with single groups are from true lightning. A simple modification to the single group flash filter to only remove flashes with a single event increases the FAR without a corresponding improvement in DE. A more complex algorithm is needed to recover the single group flashes that are likely from lightning without adding back single group flashes that are from noise sources.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur co-doped carbon nanotubes/melamine foam composite electrode for high-performance vanadium redox flow battery

The high cost and complex modification process of carbon felt electrodes limits its further popularization in vanadium redox flow batteries (VFBs). By introducing low-cost melamine foam, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur co-doped carbon nanotubes/ melamine foam composite electrode (NPS-CNTs-CMF) is designed and fabricated via immersing melamine foam in a solution containing N, P, and S co-doped CNTs. The integration of modified CNTs significantly enhances the conductivity and hydrophilicity of the electrode. Moreover, the composite electrode also demonstrates outstanding electrocatalytic activity owing to the heteroatom doping that further inspired the electrocatalytic activity of CNTs. Density function theory calculations further uncover that introducing heteroatoms on CNTs not only promotes the adsorption of vanadium ions but also facilitates the electron transfer between vanadium ions and MF substrate. As a result, the battery loading with NPS-CNTs-CMF exhibits excellent battery performance, achieving energy efficiency of 80.12 % at 300 mA cm–2. Additionally, the long-term cycling stability is attained over 200 consecutive charge-discharge cycles at 300 mA cm−2. This study provides a novel melamine foam material with low cost and simple modification, and this new composite structure stimulates the development of high-performance electrodes in VFBs.